INTRODUCTION:

Processes of pain relief, inflammation, feeling of cold, numbness, etc. they are also a leading pathogenetic link in many diseases, including the musculoskeletal system, peripheral nervous system, muscular-tonic disorders, injuries, bruises, after intense training in athletes, accounting for about 80% of pathologies in the practice of a doctor of any specialty¹. It is known that in athletes, heavy physical activity often entails traumatic injuries, which lead to dystrophic changes in muscle, nervous, bone and cartilage tissue, which manifests itself in neuralgias, myalgias and arthralgias, etc^2,3. A large group of diseases are traumatic arthritis.

Their occurrence facilitates several factors: dampness, sharp fluctuations in ambient temperature, sometimes chronic intoxications. Typically, traumatic arthritis is benign. Joint deformities and other complications are rare. Treatment consists of identifying unfavorable occupational factors, as well as using rehabilitation methods⁴. In the complex of means for restoring the health of athletes after injuries and diseases of the musculoskeletal system, ointments are widely used, most often warming ones. Their effect on tissue is determined by the properties of the ingredients included in them. The use of ointments is accompanied by the application of ointments, which together improves muscle blood flow, accelerates redox processes, improves tissue oxygenation, and normalizes sleep^5-10.

One of approach is a find drugs which have selectivity, in a result is decreased of synthesis of prostaglandins, the degree of formation of free oxygen radicals¹¹, which has a positive effect on cellular metabolism. To such drugs is included drugs of natural origin, that widely used in medicine for the treatment of diseases of various etiologies¹². The use of medicinal plant raw materials to create of new drugs is promising in the sense that substances formed in plants because of cellular processes are closest in their chemical structures to the body’s natural metabolites. They are widely used in practice, less toxic and do not give adverse reactions or are practically non-toxic. Various modifications according to their physicochemical properties are easily dissolved, adsorbed and having selective effect on the skin receptors^13,14,15.

A certain place belongs to herbal preparations in several locally irritating agents intended for the treatment and prevention of diseases of the musculoskeletal system, peripheral nervous system and muscular-tonic disorders. Preparations for external use are widely known and used for arthritis, osteoarthrosis, osteochondrosis, myositis, neuritis, migraine, radiculitis, bursitis, bruises, etc^{16, 17}. Among this group of medicines, the most famous are: tinctures, extracts, ointments containing essential oils, alkaloids, phytoncides, resin and fatty acids, tannins and other substances from plants. Considering the prevalence of musculoskeletal diseases and peripheral nervous system, in order to expand the range of drugs for the fastest normalization of the function of organs and systems after the intense training, sports injuries in athletes, we have developed a new effective remedy for the treatment of the above diseases, a new medicinal ointment from natural raw materials which is an environmentally friendly complex of physiologically active substances from the plant flora of Kyrgyzstan. It has an analgesic, anti-inflammatory, revulsive and warming effect, reflexively corrects nonspecific resistance and stimulates the body's defenses^{13,18,19,20,21,22}.

However, the arsenal of means for reflexology is insufficient, and their long-term practical use can cause addiction and loss of effectiveness. The insufficient number of domestic drugs for external use indicates the advisability of their creation^7,8,23.

In this regard, it is necessary to supplement a number of topical drugs irritating action, with healing properties and therapeutic breadth. In this work, we carried out physicochemical, analytic and pharmacological studies of the being studied component is 30% spiritus extract of turpentine Tien Shan spruce.

The purpose of the scientific research was development of a new original drug for treatment of diseases musculoskeletal system, peripheral nervous system, muscular-tonic disorders and the prevention of complications in sports medicine. In the development of a medicinal ointment to tasks of research include formulating of drug for external use.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Design of Study:

The composition of the developed ointment includes natural biologically active substances such as turpentine from Tien Shan spruce in the form of a spiritus extract, along with menthol, camphor, and an ointment base, which collectively play an important role in the mechanism of action^{24,25,26,27,28}. The study involves physicochemical, analytical, and pharmacological investigations of turpentine from Tien Shan spruce. Methods such as gas-liquid chromatography and organoleptic evaluations were used to analyze the properties and composition of the turpentine extract. The research involved studying the acute toxicity, toxic skin-resorptive effect of a 30% spiritus extract of turpentine Tien Shan spruce, as an independent form, and we conducted research as a new component of such formulations^29,30.

Ethical Statement:

The research adhered to the Methodological Guidelines of the Pharmacological Committee of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, specifically the “Temporary Methodological Recommendations of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation” and “Guidelines for conducting preclinical studies of drugs”^31,32. Ethical treatment of animals was ensured during experiments involving rats and guinea pigs.

Methods:

Gas-liquid chromatography menthod has been employed identify turpentine volatile compounds was performed using gas-liquid chromatography. Sample preparation for chromatography: 2-3 weighed portions of 1.5 g of turpentine were dissolved in benzene with 5% bornia acetate, and 4-6 μl was introduced into the chromatograph. The next method used was organoleptic evaluation: The color, smell, and taste of the 30% spiritus extract were assessed based on State Pharmacopoeia guidelines. To evaluate acute toxicity of the ointment experimental methods have been used such as oral administration and skin application in white outbred rats and guinea pigs have.

To quantify active substances, we used a specific formula, calculating the percentage of the main pharmacologically active substance.

Sլ * 100

X = ----------------

where, X is the percentage content of the main pharmacologically active substance;

Sլ - peak area of the main pharmacologically active substance;

S is the total sum of the peak areas of pharmacologically active substances³³.

Stages of Investigation:

The first stage was chemical composition analysis which included identification of volatile compounds and main active components of turpentine using chromatography. The next stage was organoleptic characterization, i. e. evaluation of the physical properties of the 30% spiritus extract. The third stage was pharmacological testing. The acute toxicity of a 30% spiritus extract of turpentine Tien Shan spruce was studying by two methods of administration: through a probe into the stomach and by skin application on 36 white outbred rats (150-170 g) and 30 guinea pigs (450-500 g) of both sexes.

The acute toxicity of a 30% spiritus extract of turpentine Tien Shan spruce by administration through the skin was studying the effect of amounts of 0.1 g, 0.5 g and 1.0 g. It was Installed that rubbing 0.1 g on 6 rats did not cause a local or general reaction of body (increase of skin temperature, hyperemia, anxiety, increase of breathing). There were no animal deaths in the group. 0.5 g of 30% spiritus extract of turpentine Tien Shan spruce caused slight hyperemia on the skin, which is appeared from the first minute of observation and lasted up to 60 minutes. At the same time, the body’s reaction intensified with an increase of the amount of the drug to 1.0 g, the skin temperature increased, the animals’ breathing increased by 1-2 respiratory movements. The hyperemia was more pronounced and prolonged, the skin temperature increased from the first minute to 2 hours, and was an increase in breathing on 5-6 respiratory movements. However, the death of animals in the groups which are receiving a single dose of 0.5 g and 1.0 g was not observed in during 7 days of observation. Therefore, for further research, the amount of 0.5 g of balsamic ointment was chosen, which we consider as well as a minimally effective and which is not cause a pronounced toxic skin-resorptive reaction.

In during the experiment the animals did not differ in their behavior from the controls both on the day of application of the 30% spiritus extract of turpentine Tien Shan spruce and during the next 7 days of observation. They took food well, were equally active, and responded adequately to light, sound and pain stimuli. The pathological vegetative effects (ruffled fur, hypersalivation, increased breathing) had noted. The animal death was not observed within 7 days^14,18.

Samples Used:

The substance investigated was turpentine Tien Shan spruce in spiritus extract form, prepared in 2-3 portions of 1.5 g each. The turpentine Tien Shan spruce is a balsam extracted from Tien Shan spruce by sucking it and consisting mainly of resin acids and turpentine oil. It is a viscous, sticky, more or less mobile, opaque mass of yellowish-brown color with a peculiar odor and bitter taste. Practically insoluble in water. Easily soluble in the alcohol. Soluble in chloroform and petroleum ether^29,30. The turpentine components are: essential oils, resin, fatty acids, fats, sterols, water-soluble carbohydrates, tannins, alkaloids, proteins and salts of organic acids. The active principle of turpentine softwood is the hydrogenated hydrocarbon α-pinene, which is an constituent part of turpentine; it is a well dissolved in lipoids, penetrates the epidermis and has a weak local irritant and disinfectant effect. The turpentine softwood are used in medical practice in the form of pastes for fistulas, gunshot wounds, as preservatives for allo-tissues, preserving their biological activity up to 3 years, as well as for non-healing external ulcers, neuralgias, radiculitis, etc^{14, 30, 33}.

The 30% spiritus extract of turpentine Tien Shan spruce was testing in a three groups of guinea pigs when administered through the skin in doses of 0.1 g, 0.5 g and 1.0 g/kg body weight. Extract of turpentine Tien Shan spruce have rubbed once onto the trimmed surface of the abdominal skin (4 cm²). The experiments were carried out on 30 guinea pigs (350-400 g). 3 groups of animals were formed. They have measured the skin temperature on the application site, the appearance of hyperemia, and the general reaction of the body of guinea pigs. The procedure for applying the substances had repeated 3 times within 1 hour. The data are given in table 3.

Data Analysis:

Quantitative Analysis: Chromatographic data were analyzed to determine the relative retention time, release order, and percentage content of active compounds. Statistical Interpretation: Results of acute toxicity studies, including skin temperature, hyperemia, and respiratory patterns, were tabulated and analyzed to determine effective and safe dose levels. Metrological Characteristics: Quantitative determination data for turpentine oil and resin extracts are summarized in Tables 2 and 3.

RESULT:

Turpentine Tien Shan spruce has a weak local irritant and disinfectant effect, which is the influence of due to the active substance - α-pinene³⁴. It penetrates deeply through the epidermis, dissolves well in lipids, prolongs the therapeutic effect of medicinal components, preserving and extending their biological activity^14,29,33.

The qualitative analysis of volatile compounds of Turpentine Tien Shan spruce was carried out by gas-liquid chromatography³⁵. The order of release of volatile compounds of Turpentine Tien Shan spruce their relative retention time and percentage content are given in Table 1.

Table 1. The order of release of volatile compounds of Turpentine Tien Shan spruce their relative retention time and percentage content

No.	Substances	Relative retention time	Amount of percentage (%%)
1	α-Pinene	0,15	50-61
2	Camphene	0,18	5,11
3	β-Pinene	0,25	5,45
4	α-Phellandrene	0,30	20-25
5	α-Terpinene	0,34	3,57
6	Limonene	0,37	3,23
7	Unidentified connection	0,1	Footprints
8	β-Phellandrene	0,46	3,23
9	n-Cymene	0,50	4,25
10	Terpinolene	0,53	2,72
11	Bornyl Acetate	1,00	2,04

The quantitative content of ethyl alcohol in the 30% spiritus extract of turpentine Tien Shan spruce was 64-66%.

The quantitative content of turpentine oil in a 30% spiritus extract of turpentine Tien Shan spruce is 7-10%, and in spruce resin it is 16-28%.

Using a pycnometer, the density of a 30% spiritus extract of turpentine Tien Shan spruce had determined, which ranges from 0.905-0.910.

The content of heavy metals in the 30% spiritus extract of turpentine Tien Shan spruce was 0.006-0.007%.

The dry residue of the 30% spiritus extract of turpentine Tien Shan spruce is 13.60-13.67%.

The shelf life was established after storing 30% spiritus extract of turpentine Tien Shan spruce for 2 years and 3 months with the determination of physicochemical constants every six months and is 2 years.

Metrological characteristics of the quantitative determination of turpentine oil in a 30% spiritus extract of turpentine Tien Shan spruce and in spruce resin are given in Table 2.

In a result of research has been established that a 30% spiritus extract of turpentine Tien Shan spruce is a low-toxic drug. It was administered orally the LD50 was more than 3.0 g/kg, the extract of turpentine Tien Shan spruce is a class IV hazardous substance³⁶. The results of studying the acute toxicity of a 30% spiritus extract of turpentine Tien Shan spruce showed that, according to the literature spruce of turpentine is bactericidal and non-toxic^29,33.

It was studied of the prolonging effect of a 30% spiritus extract of turpentine Tien Shan spruce in the part of an ointment formulation. The experiments had carried out on 30 guinea pigs (350-400 g). They were formed 3 groups of animals. They had measured the skin temperature at the application site, the appearance of hyperemia, and was estimate the general reaction of body the guinea pigs³⁷. The procedure for applying the substances had repeated 3 times within 1 hour. The results of the experiment are given in the Table 3.

When 1 drop of 30% spiritus extract of turpentine Tien Shan spruce was applied to the skin of guinea pigs, an increase in temperature of 0.2-0.3°C and a slight hyperemia of the area was noted; there was no general reaction of the body, i.e. a 30% spiritus extract of turpentine Tien Shan spruce had a weak local irritant and prolonged effect.

The introduction of a 30% spiritus extract of turpentine Tien Shan spruce was undertaken on the basis of literature data that extractive substances of coniferous wood have the ability to retain volatile medicinal substances at the site of application for a long time, preventing their evaporation, as well as some local irritating and disinfecting effects^29,33,38. The 30% spiritus extract of turpentine Tien Shan spruce qualitatively changes the medicinal properties of the formulation as a result of experimental studies, it was established that a 30% spiritus extract of turpentine Tien Shan spruce locally causes slight hyperemia, which disappeared after stopping the application of the substance, while the skin temperature increased by 0.2-0.3 ° C. When the components of the formulation were applied to the skin without 30% spiritus extract of turpentine Tien Shan spruce and ointment base, mild hyperemia was noted, which was recorded for 2 hours, and an increased temperature reaction of the skin for 40 minutes³⁹. Application of the components of the formulation without an ointment base caused skin hyperemia by 0.6°C for 3-4 hours. This indicated that the introduction of 30% spiritus extract of turpentine Tien Shan spruce into the balsamic ointment formulation lengthens the time of the local irritating and warming effect ⁴⁰, i.e. a 30% spiritus extract of turpentine Tien Shan spruce prolongs the effect of medicinal components. This work presents the results of formulation development, physicochemical, analytical and pharmacological studies of the component of balsamic ointment⁴¹ - turpentine Tien Shan spruce has a locally irritating, disinfecting effect, which is due to the influence of the active substance - α-pinene. It penetrates deeply through the epidermis, dissolves well in lipids, prolongs the therapeutic effect of medicinal components, preserving and extending their biological activity^14,29,33.

The acute toxicity of a pharmaceutical form - 30% spiritus extract of turpentine Tien Shan spruce - has been studied. It was found that applying 1 to 8 drops of solution to the skin of white outbred rats did not cause an acute toxic reaction in the body (1 drop of 30% spiritus extract of turpentine Tien Shan spruce contains 8 mg of turpentine extract).

A component of the formulation - a 30% spiritus extract of turpentine Tien Shan spruce helps to slow down the volatilization of balsamic ointment medicinal substances from the skin, i.e. is a prolongator: the time of sensation of coolness, burning and warmth is extended with the use of 30% spiritus extract of turpentine Tien Shan spruce to 142±2.08 minutes (at P ˂ 0.001), whereas without it it is 38±2.51 minutes.

CONCLUSION:

This study has provided a comprehensive theoretical understanding of the physicochemical, analytical, and pharmacological characteristics of a 30% spiritus extract of turpentine Tien Shan spruce. The findings highlight the unique properties of its active compound, α-pinene, which exhibits deep epidermal penetration, high solubility in lipids, and a notable ability to prolong the therapeutic effects of medicinal components. The study further contributes to the theoretical framework for the use of plant-based raw materials in modern pharmacology, emphasizing their low toxicity and biocompatibility with human cellular metabolism.

Practical Implications are also significant. The development of a balsamic ointment containing the 30% spiritus extract of turpentine Tien Shan spruce presents significant applications in sports medicine and beyond. The ointment's ability to alleviate musculoskeletal and peripheral nervous system disorders, coupled with its warming, revulsive, and analgesic effects, makes it a valuable tool for injury recovery and rehabilitation. Experimentation confirmed its safe use in tested doses, with minimal toxicity and effective symptom relief in animal models in comparison with the use of pure 30% spiritus without ointment components. These practical results pave the way for incorporating this formulation into clinical use.

By bridging theoretical insights with practical applications, this study provides a robust foundation for advancing natural pharmacological solutions, encouraging further research and development in the field of eco-pharmaceuticals.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

The authors have no conflicts of interest regarding this investigation.

REFERENCES:

1. Sudhakar S, Paul J, Selvam SP, Mahendranath P. Influence of aminotransferase enzyme on delayed onset muscle soreness among novice athletes: A pilot single-blind randomized clinical trial. Res J Pharm Technol. 2019; 12(9): 4373–8. doi: 10.5958/0974-360X.2019.00752.2.

2. Jeon M, Oh H, Lim H, Yun HJ. Development of reference point of doping attitude and dispositions for anti-doping education notification of athletes: Application of reference group model. Iran J Public Health. 2024; 53(2): 348–55.

3. Soltani N, Fatahi A. Flatfoot deformity; exercise to therapeutic interventions: A systematic review. Iran J Public Health. 2024; 53(2): 305–12.

4. Ramezanghorbani N, Hajiabedin Rangraz M. Sports medicine: Scientometric of 10 years of global scientific productions. Iran J Public Health. 2023; 52(9): 1984–94.

5. Atkinson AJ. Principles of Clinical Pharmacology. Moscow: Practical Medicine. 2013.

6. Kuznetsova OY. Review of modern drugs with biologically active compositions of the birch chaga mushroom. Development and Registration of Medicines. 2016; 1: 128–41.

7. Kuzmina IV. Optimization of reflex methods of influence for dorsopathies: Abstract of thesis. Moscow; 2015. 22 p.

8. Mashkovsky MD. Medicines. Chisinau: Cartea Moldovenaske; 1989. Part 1–2. p. 30–332, 146–338.

9. Modern methods of treating diseases of the musculoskeletal system [Internet]. Direct line of the newspaper "7 days". Available from: http://www.belta.by. Accessed 2021 Dec 2.

10. Ergasheva MS, Ergashev Kh. Medicinal plants of Uzbekistan used for the treatment and prevention of diseases of the musculoskeletal system. Act Sci Res Mod World. 2017; 4–6: 113–5.

11. Atrooz OM, Al-Awaida M, Al-Ameer HJ, Uysal H. Evaluating the antioxidant capacity, phenolic contents, and anticancer potential of Caralluma europaea extracts. Adv Life Sci. 2024; 11(4): 862–70. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.62940/als.v11i4.3296.

12. Gupta V, Tyagi S, Jain P, Tripathi R. Evaluation of the bioactive compounds and its functional role in the aquatic weed Pistia stratiotes. Res J Pharm Technol. 2024; 17(1): 87–5. doi: 10.52711/0974-360X.2024.00014.

13. Korzhevsky DE. Molecular Neuromorphology. Special Lit, Saint Petersburg. 2015; 110 p.

14. Lisunkin YI, Mohort NA. Pharmacological effects on sensory nerve endings. Health, Kiyv. 1991; p. 18–105.

15. Onyekwelu I, Goldring MB, Hidaka C. Chondrogenesis, joint formation, and articular cartilage regeneration. J Cell Biochem. 2009; 107(3): 383–92.

16. Roy T, Chakraborty P, Roy Chowdhury R, Chatterjee TK. Possible beneficial role of novel anti-osteoarthritic drug diacerein in rheumatoid arthritis. Res J Pharm Technol. 2022; 15(6): 2715–0. doi: 10.52711/0974-360X.2022.00454.

17. Irawan C, Solihat I, Praptiwi SS, Mufidah M, Listianti E, Safitri B. Effect of extraction method on antioxidant activity, anti-inflammation, and cytotoxicity of Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb. rhizome. Res J Pharm Technol. 2024; 17(5): 2180–4. doi: 10.52711/0974-360X.2024.00343.

18. Altymyshev AA, Zotov EP, Orozov MA, Kamchibekova C,Toktonalieva NZ, Yusuphanov Musahan Y. date RF No. 1794454. Balsamic ointment Karagay. State Committee for Inventions, Moscow. 1992.

19. Olariu L, Vacaru A, Pyatigorskaya N, Vacant AM. Original Romanian product involved in cellular chondromodulatory mechanisms. Euroinvent medalia de aur. Catalog Euroinvent. 2016; 437.

20. Tallheden T, Bengtsson C, Brantsing C, Sjogren-Jansson E. Proliferation and differentiation potential of chondrocytes from osteoarthritic patients. Arthritis Res Ther. 2005; 7: 560.

21. Goldring MB, Otero M, Plumb DA, Dragomir C. Roles of inflammatory and anabolic cytokines in cartilage metabolism. Eur Cells Mater. 2011; 21: 202–20.

22. Guilak F, Fermor B, Keefe FJ, Kraus VB. The role of biomechanics and inflammation in cartilage injury and repair. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2004; 423: 17–26.

23. Muravyov IA. Technology of dosage forms. Medicine, Moscow. 1988; p. 203–12.

24. FS 42-2456-86. Petrolatum.

25. GOST 23683-89, grade P-1. Solid petroleum paraffin.

26. State Pharmacopoeia of the USSR. Medicine, Moscow. 1968,1987; ed. 10-11.

27. FS 42-2520-88. Lanolin anhydrous.

28. FS 42-916-74. Menthol.

29. Voronchikhin SI, Timonov PS. Turpentine in medicine. Clinical aspects of traumatology and orthopedics; 1981. Vol. 2. p. 264–6.

30. Saibel OL, Dargaeva TD, Zaiko LN. Development of a method for quantitative determination of the amount of polyphenol compounds in the underground organs of the marsh cinquefoil. Bulletin of the Buryat State University. 2008; 12: 17–21.

31. Ministry of Health of Russia. Temporary Methodological Guidelines Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Novel Coronavirus Infection (COVID-19). Version 18 (26.10.2023) [together with Recommendations for Describing Chest Radiography and CT Data, Instructions for Diagnosing COVID-19 Using Nucleic Acid Amplification Methods, Instructions for Diagnosing COVID-19 Using Immunochemical Methods, "Recommended Outpatient Treatment Regimens, Recommended Inpatient Treatment Regimens, Instructions on Infection Safety Measures for Emergency Medical Teams]. Ministry of Health of Russia; 2023.

32. Guide to Preclinical Drug Research. Part 1. Grif and K, Moscow. 2012; 944 p.

33. Chirkina NN, Patudin AB. Antimicrobial properties of essential oils and aromatic resins of species of the genus cultivated in the Crimea. Biol Sciences. 1971; 11: 100–3.

34. Javed S, Bibi A, Shoaib A, Perveen S, Ferdosi MFH. Essential oil of Eucalyptus citriodora: Physio-chemical analysis, formulation with hand sanitizer gel and antibacterial activity. Adv Life Sci. 2022; 9(4): 510–5.

35. Jabeen S, Suma BV. Simultaneous determination of Cefepime and Tazobactam by using Hyphenated Liquid Chromatography (UPLC-MS/MS). Res J Pharm Technol. 2024; 17(1): 67–3. doi: 10.52711/0974-360X.2024.00011.

36. Seema BR, Jyothi Y, Bhovi CN, Aradhya MVV, Lekhak M, Mane SR. Advanced up and down methodology for acute toxicity assessment with reliable LD50 verified by aqueous extract of curly kale using wistar rats. Res J Pharm Technol. 2023; 16(10): 4519–4. doi: 10.52711/0974-360X.2023.00736.

37. Kyere CG, Boateng M, Osei SA, Frimpong YO, Poku PA, Korankye O, Twumasi GK, Owusu AK. Effect of photoperiod on semen production and thermo-physiological responses of the Pearl Guinea fowl in hot humid environment. Int J Agric Biosci. 2024; 13(4): 603–9.

38. Ivanov MA, Kosovich NL, Malevskaya SS, Nagrodsky IA, Eliashberg MG. Turpentines substances of wood and cellulose. Moscow. 1968. p. 1–182.

39. Cherukuri S, Paramanayagam A, Prabakaran R, Mayakannan M, Vuppalapati L. Evaluation of cutaneous wound healing activity of Citrus aurantium fruit peel extract-based ointment in albino rats. Res J Pharm Technol. 2023; 16(1): 250–4. doi: 10.52711/0974-360X.2023.00046.

40. Eskandari SE, Samadi A, Kardeh S, Dowlati Y, Yazdi HA, Firooz A. Photobiomodulation therapy for improvement of body contour: A retrospective study on Middle Eastern participants. Iran J Public Health. 2024; 53(8): 1858–63.

41. Khademi A, Mansuri P, Pahlevan D, Bozorgi M, Nasiri M, Hejazi S, Azizian Z, Shirbeigi L. Efficacy of pumpkin ointment in treatment of chronic hand eczema: A randomized, active-controlled, double-blind clinical trial. Iran J Public Health. 2020; 49(7): 1339–47.

Received on 20.01.2025 Revised on 05.05.2025

Accepted on 22.07.2025 Published on 13.01.2026

Available online from January 17, 2026

Research J. Pharmacy and Technology. 2026;19(1):113-118.

DOI: 10.52711/0974-360X.2026.00017

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Creative Commons License.

No.	Quantity	µ, %	f	ẍ	S²	S	Р, %	t (Р, f)	∆ Х	Ɛ, %	δ
1	Turpentine oil in Tien Shan spruce resin extract	7-10	4	21,8	1,7	1,30	95	2,78	1,61	7,39	--
2	Ethyl alcohol in Tien Shan spruce resin extract	64-66	4	65,6	1,25	1,12	95	2,78	1,39	2,12	--
3	Turpentine oil in Tien Shan spruce resin	16-20	4	21	11,5	3,39	95	2,78	4,21	20,05	--